Classwork

Choose the correct verb form to complete the sentence.

1. ‘My dad ran a marathon at the age of 65.’ → She told me that her dad ___ a marathon at the age of 65.
was running
had run
has run

2. ‘I’ve written three pages of the report.’ → He said that he ___ three pages of the report.
wrote
was writing
had written

3. ‘I wasn’t paying attention at the time.’ → He said that he ___ attention at the time.
didn’t pay
hadn’t been paying
hasn’t been paying

4. ‘I live in the centre.’ → She told me that she ___ in the centre, but I think she’s moved.
has lived
had lived
lived

5. ‘We’re meeting Toni at 8 o’clock.’ → She said that they ___ meeting Toni at 8 o’clock. I hope they’re having a nice time!
were meeting
are meeting
had been meeting

6. ‘She had worked for that school for 40 years when she retired.’ → He told me that she ___ for that school for 40 years when she retired.
works
was working
had worked

7. ‘We’re having a great time here on holiday!’ → I got a postcard from my parents – they said they’re having a great time ___ on holiday.
there
here
then

8. ‘Coralia’s arriving today.’ → She told me that Coralia was arriving ___, but I found out the next day that her visit was cancelled.
today
that day
ago

9. ‘My best friend at school became a nurse first, then a paramedic.’ → He told me that his best friend at school ___ a nurse first, then a paramedic.
was becoming
had become
has become

10. ‘I had lived in four countries by the age of ten.’ → She said that she ___ in four countries by the age of ten.
lived
was living
had lived

11. ‘I commute 45 minutes to work.’ → She told me that she ___ 45 minutes to work, but I bet it takes longer now with the roadworks.
has commuted
commuted
had commuted

12. ‘We were hoping to have our wedding in June.’ → She told me that they ___ to have their wedding in June. In the end, though, they got married in September.
had been hoping
are hoping
have been hoping

13. ‘Oh, hi, Ethan! I’m just leaving, unfortunately.’ → When I got there I saw him, but he said he ___.
is just leaving
was just leaving
had just left

14. ‘We’ve seen four elephants already and it’s only our first day.’ → He said that they ___ four elephants on their first day. Imagine what animals they’ve seen by now!
were seeing
have seen
had seen

15. ‘I love this restaurant!’ → We could go back to Bella Roma? Chloe said she loved ___ restaurant!
that
this
there

16. ‘I told Dom to email you three days ago.’ → She said that she had told Dom to email me three days ___, but it’s been a week now and I still haven’t heard.
then
ago
before

Classwork

EXERCISES
1 Complete the following sentences with both, neither or either.

1. Both houses are very expensive.
2. Neither of us wanted to go to the cinema.
3. Would both of you fancy eating out today?
4. She’s both shy and quiet.
5. He speaks neither Spanish nor English.
6. She hasn’t seen both of those paintings for ages.
7. Both of my sisters live in Asturias.
8. neither of them want to go swimming.
9. That’s enough! either you pay your debt to me or I take you to court.
10. When we heard the good news, we were both happy and excited.
11. They had  neither food to eat nor money to go to a restaurant.
12. Mr. Harrison wants to have both vanilla and chocolate in his ice-cream.
13. You should stop making up excuses. Either you study hard or you will fail
    in the Maths exam tomorrow.
14. Neither of the two students had books with them so the teacher got very
    angry.
15. We have neither bread nor cheese so we can’t make a cheese sandwich.
16. She can either buy a laptop or a tablet PC. She has got enough money.
17. I like both the green and the blue t-shirt, but I don’t have enough money to buy
    two t-shirts.
18. The sports car was both nice and cheap so my father decided to buy it.
19. My baby sister likes neither soup nor spinach. She just likes milk.
20. We have some flour and eggs. We can either make an omelette or pancake.
21. If you want to lose weight, you should  both do exercises and go on a diet.
22. You can either grow corn or wheat here in this season.
23. Neither of the two friends knew how to go to the museum so they asked the
    way to a policeman.
24. I think I won’t be able to come to the party. Neither my father normy
    mother gave me permission.
25. My friend Sophia is both tall and talented so she can be chosen for the school basketball team.
26. Archie can play either the guitar or the drums at the concert. He can play
    them well.
27. Both the teacher andthe studentswere shocked whenthey sawamouse in the
    classroom.
28. Mrs. Pearce was very tired when she got home. She did neither the washing
    up nor vacuumed the floor. She went to bed early
29. 1. A: What shall we have for dinner – pasta or just a salad?
    B: Can we have both? I’m really hungry.

2. A: Do you want white wine or red?
B: Neither , thanks. Can I just have some water?

3. A: Would you like tea or coffee?
B: Either . You choose.

4. A: What’s the quickest way to get to the town centre?
B: Bus or tram. 
Either way takes about twenty minutes.

5. A: Did you manage to contact Antonia?
B: No. I’ve called her at home and on her mobile but both lines are busy.

6. A: Is anything wrong? You look a bit fed up.
B: There are two photocopiers in this office and neither of them is working. It’s ridiculous!

7. A: Did you hear? Tom and Rebecca have broken up.
B: Well, that’s sad but I’m not surprised. neither of them seemed very happy.

8. A: Do you teach at the university or are you a student?
B: Neither ! I’m doing a doctorate but I teach English at weekends.

9. A: Which coat do you think I should buy – this blue one or the green one?
B: To be honest, I don’t like neither of them. Have you tried the black?

2 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1. I haven’t seen neither of them since last week.

I haven’t seen both of them since last week.

1. She speaks either Spanish nor French.

She speaks neither Spanish nor french

1. I like either of them.

I like both of them

1. She’s either intelligent and witty.

Shes both intelligent and wity.

1. Both of them is married.

Neither pf them is married.

1. I don’t like both jackets.

I don’t like either jackets

1. Either of them came to our party.

Neither of them came to our partty

1. I want to buy either bags !

I want to buy both bags.

Exercises

Conditionals
zero
If you heat water to 100°, it boils.
If I forget her birthday, Andrea gets upset.

first
What will she do if she misses the bus?
If they’re hungry, I’ll make some sandwiches.

second
If I won a million dollars, I would buy my own airplane.
If I were rich, I’d spend all my time travelling. 

third
He would have gone with you if you had asked him.
They wouldn’t have hired you if you hadn’t had some experience abroad.

What would you do if it rained on your wedding day?
rained
will rain
would rain

If she comes, I will call you.
will
would
would have

If I eat peanut butter, I get sick.
would have gotten
would get
get

What will you do if you fail the history exam?
would fail
will fail
fail

If they had not taken the car, I would have driven you.
take
taken
would take

If it snows, will you still drive to the coast?
will you
would you
would you have

When I go on holiday, I always ask my neighbour to water my plants.
ask
asked
would ask

If I explain the problem to my sister, she’ll be happy to help me.
explain
explained
will explain

We’ll be late for the film if we don’t hurry up.
didn’t hurry up
won’t hurry up
don’t hurry up

If I didn’t need the money,I’d work less.
I work
I’ll work
I’d work

If you get a red card, you can’t play in the rest of the game.
get
got
will get

What would you say if he asked you on a date?
asks
asked
would ask

I’ll have a shower as soon as I get home.
I get
I’ll get
I’d get

I would study English every day if I had time.
studied
will study
would study

Examination card 1

1. Rock and roll is a style that arose in United States.
2. Famous
3. It originated from Africa-American msuic such as jazz, rhythm and blues, as well as country music. While rock and roll’s formative elements can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.
4. Either the piano or saxophone was typically the lead instrument.

1. hadn’t come
2. ate
3. did
4. came
5. was expecting

1. When father came back home, we told him al the truth.
2. We ha to postpone our meeting, as Tom was ill.
3. Will you be able to rich the city centre in time?
4. The new school will be renovated by the end of the year, won’t it?
5. I know that he has left for London, but i don’t know how long he will stay there.

When did you get this dress?

Where did you get it from?

How much did it costs

i think that it is expensive.

Are they another colors of dress.

Eximination card 2

1. They began in 776 BC.

2. participate

3.The citizens of all the Greek states.

4. The international olimpyc committee dicides where each Olympics will take place.

1. is considered.
2. were painted
3. summed up
4. was not

1. I’m sorry, but i can’t visit you today. I’m very bussy

2. We cant play football today, because Tom has hurt his leg.

3. You will be offered a verry tasty breakfast in that hotel.

4. You were met at the airport yesterday, weren’t you?

5. Why don’t the students want to take part in this competitions.

How much cabinets are there in your office?

Oh, yes, i have a bookcase, a table with 6 chairs and fax machine.

What do you havve on your desk?

What else do you want to have for your job.

I’ll need a printer and 2 more computers for my future job.

Test

1. People borrow a lot of books from the library every month. 

A lot of books are borrowed from the library every month.

2. Somebody has stolen my bicycle.

My bicycle has been stolen.

3. Somebody will clean the office later.

The office will be cleaned later.

4. The police are using a new computer system to investigate crimes.

A new computer system is being used to investigate crimes.

5. Journalists were asking a lot of questions.

A lot of qestions were being asked

6. We have sold ten silver rings today.

Ten silver rings have been sold today

7. Somebody found a wallet full of money yesterday.

 A wallet full of monet was found yesterday.

8. The students at our school will remember M s. Hermi nie.

 Ms Hermine, will be remembered.

9. Samia is writing a new book these days.

A new book is being written these days.

10. Was Nada taking the children to school?

Were the children being taken to school ?

11. They have installed the new computers.

The new computers have been installed.

12. He is painting the garage at the moment.

The garage is being painted at the moment.

13. My sister bakes cookies for the school fair.

Cookies are baked for the school fair.

14. They sent the bags to the car.

The bags were sent to the car.

15. Is anyone taking care of the children?

Are the children being taken care of ?

16. The mechanic repaired our car yesterday evening.

Our car was repaired yesterday evening.

17. They were selling flowers at good prices at the corner stall.

Flowers were being sold at good prices at the corner stall.

18. Nataly was holding a fashion show last month.

A fashion show was being held last month.

19. The lightning killed him.

He was killed.

20. The doctor cures patients.

Patients are cured.

Task 2.
Ask special/wh questions.

1. The criminal robbed the bank.

What did the criminal do.

2. She feeds the cats.

who does shee feed

3. The castle was founded in the eighteenth century.

When was the castle founded ?

4. Many planes fly over the small city every day.

How many planes fly over the small city every day ?

5. You must not smoke in this room.

Where mustn’t you smoke ?

6. My sister has lived in a village for a couple of years.

How long has my sister livd in a village ?

7. He has developed another bad habit.

What kind of habit has he developed ?

8. I have waited for her for half an hour.

How long have you waited for her.

9. We have just got back from our holidays.

Whos holidays have we just got back from.
10. The scientists discovered a new breed of monkey.

What did the scientists discovere.

Task 3.
Translate the sentences

1. Թույլ տվեք ներկայանալ:

Let me introduse myself.

2. Շարադրությունը բաղկացած է նախաբանից, հիմնական մասից և եզրակացությունից:

The essay consists of an introduction,the main part and a conclusion
3. Ես չեմ վստահում անծանոթներին:

I don’t trust unknown people.

4. Մենք վերանորոգեցինք  խոհանոցը անցյալ շաբաթ:

.We repaired the kitchen last week

5. Մենք հարգում ենք մարդու իրավունքները:

We respect human rights.

6. Շները սովորաբար ավելի հավատարիմ են, իսկ կատուներն՝ ավելի անկախ:

Dogs are usually more loyal and cats are more independent.

7. Պակիստանը միակ երկիրն է աշխարհում, որը չի ճանաչել Հայաստանի անկախությունը:

Pakistan is the only country in the world that does not recognize Armenia’s independence.

8. Նրա ծնողներն ամուսնալուծված են և նա դաստիարակվել է իր մորաքրոջ կողմից:

Her parents are divorced and she was brought up by her aunt.

9. Աննայի մորաքույրը շատ նվիրված կին է և խնամում է նրան:

Ann’s aunt is a very devoted woman and takes care of her .

10. Երբեմն նրանք հաշտ են ապրում, երբեմն գժտվում են:

Sometimes they live in peace ,sometimes they quarrel.

11. Ես կատակելու տրամադրություն չունեմ:

I am not in the mood to joke.

Read the text and answer the questions, choosing the right answer.

19th-century writers in the US, whether they wrote novels, short stories, poems or plays were powerfully drawn to the railroad in its golden years. In fact, writers responded to the railroads as soon as the first ones were built in the 1830’s. By the 1850’s, the railroad was a major presence in the life of the nation. Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau saw the railroad both as a boon to democracy and as an object of suspicion. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well.

By the 1850’s and 1860’s, there was a great distrust among writer and intellectuals of the rapid industrialization of which the railroad was a leading force. Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values. A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.

For the most part, the literature in which the railroad plays an important role belongs to popular culture rather than to the realm of serious art. One thinks of melodramas, boy’s books, thrillers, romances and the like rather than novels of the first rank. In the railroads’ prime years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading – works offering the ambience of stations yards and locomotive cabs. These writers who can genuinely be said to have  created a genre, the “railroad novel” are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded from memory. But anyone who takes the time to consult their fertile writings will still find a treasure
trove of information about the place of the railroad in the life of the United States.

1. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?
A. The role of the railroad in the economy of the United States.
B. Major nineteenth-century writers.
C. The conflict between expanding industry and preserving nature.
D. The railroad as a subject for literature.

2. The word “it” refers to
A. railroad
B. manifestation
C. speed
D. nature

3. In the first paragraph, the author implies that writers’ reactions to the development of railroads were
A. highly enthusiastic
B. unchanging
C. disinterested
D. both positive and negative

4. The word “lamented” is closest in meaning to
A. complained about
B. analyzed
C. explained
D. reflected on

5. According to the passage, the railroad played a significant role in literature in all of the following kinds of books EXCEPT
A. Thrillers
B. boys’ books
C. important novels
D. romances

Exercises

1. dont have to
2. don’t have to
3. had to
4. must
5. don’t have to
6. mustn’t
7. had to
8. mustn’t

1. has to

2.had to

3. don’t have to

4. have to

5. don’t have to

6. did, have to

Exercises

Make tag questions.

She‘s a doctor, isn’t she?
Yesterday was so much fun,wasn’t it?
He isn’t here, is he?
The trains are never on time, are they?
Nobody has called for me, have they?
I don’t need to finish this today, do I?
James is working on that, isn’t he?
Your parents have retired, havn’t they?
The phone didn’t ring, did it?
It was raining that day, wasn’t it?
Your mum hadn’t met him before, had she?
Jenni eats cheese, doesn’t she?
I said that, didn’t i ? 
The bus stop‘s over there, doesn’t it?
None of those customers were happy, were they?
They could hear me, couldn’t they?
You won’t tell anyone, will you?
I‘m never on time, am i ?
I‘m going to get an email with the details,aren’t i?
Aki didn’t say much, did she?

Exercises

Write the verbs in correct tense forms.

1. The programme has cost more than one billion since the beginning of the year.
2. Have you ever been to London?
3. It is the first time he has taken the plane.
4. She looks upset: she has been looking for her purse for over three quarters of an hour.
5. How long ago did you place that order?
6. We haven’t heard from them for quite a long time, I hope there is nothing wrong with them.
7. I had been ready for two hours when he finally phoned me to tell me he wasn’t coming.
8. We have been working together for a long time now.
9. She had been waiting for two hours when he finally arrived.
10. John lived in New York ever since his wife was sent there on business.
11. I have never worked so far, but I am very motivated for this job.
12. She studied English when she was at University, but she has forgotten most of it now: what a shame!
13. He had been unemployed for 6 months when he received their offer.
14. What did you do last night? We went to the cinema.
15. We have only been to the theatre once since we moved to London last year.
16. We can’t use room 145 at the moment because the painters are redecorating it.
17. Unemployment has risen since last summer but it seems that the situation is going to improve in the near future.

Exercises

Translate into English.

1. Այս եկեղեցին կառուցվել է մի քանի դար (century) առաջ, այդպես չէ՞:

This was built several centuries ago, wasn’t it.

2. Եթե անձրևը չդադարի, մենք չենք կարողանա դուրս գալ:

If the rain doesn’t stop, we won’t be able to go outside.

3. Նա բավականին ծեր է, բայց դեռ ջանադիր աշխատում է:

She’s pretty old, but she’s still working hard.

4. Դուք շատ հեշտությամբ կկարողանաք սովորել հայերեն: Այն նույնքան հեշտ է, որքան անգլերենը:

You will be able to learn armenian very easelly. It’s as easy, as english

5. Մենք պետք է շտապեինք, որովհետև ժողովն արդեն սկսվել էր:

We had to hurry, because the meeting had already started.

6. Սառան ասաց, որ դա ամենաթանկարժեք ժամացույցն է, որ նա երբևէ ունեցել է:

Sara said it was the most exspensive watch, she had ever had.

7. Երբ քո հոդվածը պատրաստ լինի, մենք կկարողանանք տպագրել այն մեր ամսագրում.

When your artickle is ready we will be able to publish it in our journal.

8. Եղբայրս ո՛չ սուրճ է սիրում, ո՛չ կաթ: Նա միայն թեյ է խմում:

My brother likes neither coffee no milk. He only drinks tea.

9. Արդեն շատ ուշ էր, բայց քննարկումը դեռ շարունակվում էր:

It was too late, but the discussion was still going on.

10. Նա ասաց, որ մենք կարող ենք վստահել Անիին: Նա կարողանում է գաղտնիք պահել:

She said thay we can trust Annie. She can keep secrets.